Currently there is a need for an accurate and non-hazardous method to measure individual intake of a supplement in grazing sheep over a prolonged period. This paper examines the potential of fenbendazole (FBZ) as a marker of intake. The following five experiments aim to determine the relationship between oral ingestion of FBZ and the plasma concentrations of FBZ and its metabolites oxfendazole (OFZ) and FBZ-sulfone (SUL) after single, multiple and daily doses both in housed and grazing sheep and sheep infected with internal parasites. The results from these experiments indicate that OFZ+SUL concentrations in plasma are dependent on FBZ dose rate in housed and grazing animals with differences evident between different dose rates (P < 0.001). Variability of OFZ and SUL concentrations increase in grazing compared with housed animals. Area under the curve of metabolite concentrations was also shown to indicate dose rate regardless of the timing and frequency of dose. Stepwise regressions indicated that sampling every 48 h gave a good representation of area under the curve for different dose rates (R² = 0.951, P < 0.001). A significant separation of treatment means was achieved when samples were taken every 48 h and pooled during daily dosing with FBZ (P < 0.001). Finally gastrointestinal nematode infection did not affect OFZ and SUL concentrations after daily doses of FBZ. The results from these experiments indicate that FBZ is a useful and accurate marker of supplement intake in grazing animals.

This study aimed to determine the dose-dependent relationship between oral doses of fenbendazole (FBZ) and the plasma concentration of its metabolites, oxfendazole (OFZ) and fenbendazole-sulphone (SUL). Twenty five, two year-old, Merino wethers were equally allocated to treatment groups of different oral dose rates of FBZ (n = 5) and housed in individual pens. Treatment groups were designed to provide daily oral doses of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg live weight of FBZ, suspended in water, for six days. Blood samples were collected from each animal at 48, 96, and 144 hours after administration of FBZ. Plasma was equally combined within each animal and analysed to determine concentrations of FBZ, OFZ and SUL. There was a positive linear relationship between FBZ dose rate and FBZ metabolite plasma concentration (R² = 0.991, P <0.001). Mean separation of plasma concentrations indicated significant differences (P <0.05) between treatments designed to provide 1.0, 2.0 or 4.0 mg/kg/day FBZ. Plasma concentrations of animals which received 0.25 or 0.50 mg/kg/day FBZ were significantly lower than other treatments (P <0.05). The results from this experiment provide preliminary support for the investigation of FBZ as a useful marker to estimate supplement intake of grazing animals.

The aim of this study was to determine the rate, variability and repeatability of intake by grazing sheep of a medicated feed block (MFB) containing fenbendazole and investigate if infection with gastrointestinal nematodes altered consumption patterns of the MFB in the same grazing mob. In Experiment 1, 30 Merino wethers were given access to an MFB for two separate 1-week periods, with blood sampling at Days 2, 4 and 6 of each period to determine MFB intake. In Experiment 2, the wethers were selected based on previous MFB intake and allocated to receive an oral dose of 10 000 'Trichostrongylus colubriformis' and 3000 'Haemonchus contortus' (anthelmintic susceptible) or a long acting anthelmintic. After 5 weeks, sheep were given access to an MFB (1.5 mg fenbendazole/g) and eight blood samples were taken over 2 weeks to determine intake. In Experiment 1, individual MFB intake in Week 1 and Week 2 was positively correlated (P = 0.002, R² = 0.287). Mean individual MFB intake in Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 was positively correlated (P = 0.008, R² = 0.047). In Experiment 2, more infected wethers (95%) consumed the MFB than did uninfected wethers (79%) (P < 0.001) and infected wethers ate significantly more MFB over the first 4 days (P = 0.041) of access. All infected sheep consumed sufficient MFB to receive a therapeutic dose and worm egg counts in infected sheep declined from 2165 epg to 120 epg in the first week of access to MFB. The decline in differences in MFB intake between infected and uninfected sheep corresponded to the decline in worm egg count, suggesting the existence of self-medication with parasitism accounting for intake differences.

Medicated feed blocks (MFB, containing an anthelmintic) could be used to control gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in sheep to achieve voluntary targeted selective treatment (TST) or self-medication. This would have the advantage of reduced selection pressure for anthelmintic resistance and reduced labour associated with providing treatment. The dynamics of MFB intake by sheep in a grazing environment are largely unknown because current techniques are not suitable for measuring supplement intake in grazing animals and/or measuring intake over a prolonged period. The experiments in this thesis were designed for two purposes. Firstly, to develop a technique that met the requirements of a marker of MFB intake for use over an extended period in grazing livestock. Secondly, to use this technique to determine if an MFB could be used to achieve voluntary TST by establishing if grazing sheep display self-medication in response to GIN infection.