Peace building is an umbrella-term for many aspects of dealing with violent conflict. An early paper by Johan Galtung describes peacebuilding as activities used to reduce violence and promote all forms of justice (Galtung, 1967, p. 12). In a nutshell, peacebuilding is a means of achieving sustainable and durable peace. By peace, we mean an absence of all kinds of violence. In its original use, the term peacebuilding was associated with bringing about peace by peaceful means (Galtung, 1996). The term peacebuilding came into international affairs in 1992 when Boutros Boutros-Ghali, then Secretary-General of the United Nations, announced his 'Agenda for Peace' (Boutros-Ghali, 1992). Peacebuilding is a widely used tenn in the peace industry but difficult to define because it means different things depending on its application. The term is used commonly today to refer to assisting recovery after armed violence has ceased. It also involves a range of activities used to establish or re-establish amicable relationships between adversaries (Lederach, 1997). In general, building peace requires a long-term commitment to a complex process involving actions that support peace, in all its forms. In recent interpretations, peacebuilding can happen "before" the violence begins - to prevent conflict, "during" violent conflict - to stop violence, and "after" the fighting ends - to transform the underlying conflict, assist with healing, recovery, reconstruction and the restoration of liberal peace.

Natural resources form a very vital component of the society across the world as they are key sources of income; form a key industry that contributes significantly to the economic growth and development, and for an identity of a nation. However, issues arise in the management of these resources which, if not well managed, could spark conflicts which could graduate to armed violence. The purpose of this study was to determine and explore the effects of oil exploration in Turkana County on the local communities. The target population for the study included the Turkana natives, community leaders in Turkana, County government officials who deal with natural resources, officials from the National government in the ministry of environment, natural resources, and water, those who represent the civil society in Turkana County, officials from oil companies operating in Turkana County, and Women's and youth groups in Turkana County, and those engaged in peacebuilding and conflict resolution as the District Peace Committees. The sample size for the study was 216 households. Data was collected using structured questionnaire, in-depth interviews, focused group discussions, observation, and photography. Data was analysed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. From the findings, it was established that this far, the people of Turkana are not satisfied with the manner in which the oil resources have been managed and they feel that they have not enjoyed enough benefits in terms of employment, development among other concerns. The respondents lamented of increased cases of environmental degradation, land grabbing among other serious concerns which if not well addressed are likely to lead to conflicts and violence. Although various efforts have been pout to address the oil-linked issues including the efforts of the national, bilateral, and multilateral agencies, much is yet to be done. It is expected that the recommendations give in this study will help to shape a comprehensive long-term policy that would enhance community inclusivity in the management of oil resources and other natural resources. This study puts forward effective methods all the countries endowed with natural resources can adopt to help prevent occurrence of resource based conflicts particularly in the developing countries. In addition, it is expected that the findings of this study will inform policies for better management of natural resources in order to prevent resource curse. It is also expected that this study will form a good reference point for other studies on natural resource conflicts