The wholesale adoption of nonviolent methods is impeded both by a poor understanding of them, and by a number of widely-held misconceptions and furphies - such as that nonviolence only succeeds against civilised opponents. Even revolutions thought to have succeeded through violence can be seen to have had a large component of nonviolence, but this has gone unrecognised because of the more subtle approach of nonviolence.

Militarism is the elephant in the room of global warming. Of all government sectors, 'Defence' has the highest carbon footprint and expenditure, yet has largely been exempt from international scrutiny and regulation. Marty Branagan uses Australian and international case studies to show that nonviolence is a viable alternative to militarism for national defence and regime change. 'Active resistance', initiated in Australian environmental blockades and now adopted globally, makes the song 'We Shall Not Be Moved' much more realistic, as activists erect tripod villages, bury, chain and cement themselves into the ground, and 'lock-on' to machinery and gates. Active resistance, 'artistic activism', and use of new information and communication technologies in movements such as the Arab Spring and 'Occupy' demonstrate that nonviolence is an effective, evolving praxis.

Natural resources form a very vital component of the society across the world as they are key sources of income; form a key industry that contributes significantly to the economic growth and development, and for an identity of a nation. However, issues arise in the management of these resources which, if not well managed, could spark conflicts which could graduate to armed violence. The purpose of this study was to determine and explore the effects of oil exploration in Turkana County on the local communities. The target population for the study included the Turkana natives, community leaders in Turkana, County government officials who deal with natural resources, officials from the National government in the ministry of environment, natural resources, and water, those who represent the civil society in Turkana County, officials from oil companies operating in Turkana County, and Women's and youth groups in Turkana County, and those engaged in peacebuilding and conflict resolution as the District Peace Committees. The sample size for the study was 216 households. Data was collected using structured questionnaire, in-depth interviews, focused group discussions, observation, and photography. Data was analysed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. From the findings, it was established that this far, the people of Turkana are not satisfied with the manner in which the oil resources have been managed and they feel that they have not enjoyed enough benefits in terms of employment, development among other concerns. The respondents lamented of increased cases of environmental degradation, land grabbing among other serious concerns which if not well addressed are likely to lead to conflicts and violence. Although various efforts have been pout to address the oil-linked issues including the efforts of the national, bilateral, and multilateral agencies, much is yet to be done. It is expected that the recommendations give in this study will help to shape a comprehensive long-term policy that would enhance community inclusivity in the management of oil resources and other natural resources. This study puts forward effective methods all the countries endowed with natural resources can adopt to help prevent occurrence of resource based conflicts particularly in the developing countries. In addition, it is expected that the findings of this study will inform policies for better management of natural resources in order to prevent resource curse. It is also expected that this study will form a good reference point for other studies on natural resource conflicts