Accuracy of genomic selection: Comparing theory and results
Deterministic predictions of the accuracy of genomic breeding values in selection candidates with no phenotypes have been derived based on the heritability of the trait, number of phenotyped and genotyped animals in the reference population where the marker effects are estimated, the effective population size and the length of the genome. We assessed the value of these deterministic predictions given the results that have been achieved in Holstein and Jersey dairy cattle. We conclude that the deterministic predictions are useful guide for establishing the size of the reference populations which must be assembled in order to predict genomic breeding values at a desired level of accuracy in selection candidates.
Genome wide association studies in dairy cattle using high density SNP scans
Use of high density Single Nucleotide Polymorphic (SNP) marker information allows for prediction of genetic merit via genome wide selection and for localization of markers in gene regions of biological interest through Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS). We report on a replicated GWAS in dairy cattle using 1,945 progeny tested bulls genotyped with three high density SNP panels representing 63,678 informative SNP. Single SNP genotypes were analysed against deregressed EBV for protein percent and fat percent using a mixed linear model accounting for SNP and animal polygenic effects. The 127,356 analyses (63,678 informative SNP by two traits) across the two data sets identified 143 and 87 significant (P<0.05, corrected for False Discovery Rate) associations for protein % in data set 1 and 2 respectively, whilst for fat % 102 and 61 significant associations were identified in the two data sets respectively. Outputs from selected SNP analyses are discussed for significance and pleiotropic effects and compared against integrated QTL meta-assembly from public domain studies.
Genome wide selection: issues and implications
Single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) chips enable us to account for variation within genomes very well. It is possible to associate this variation with variation in phenotypes and so predict genetic merit of young individuals better than ancestral indexes. This has significant implications for livestock industries as to accuracy and timing of selection decisions. and how resources are allocated to maximize the returns from investments in genotypic and phenotypic data collection. High density genotyping platforms will exacerbate the problem of the joint analysis of individuals with heterogeneous amounts of genotypic information.
Genome wide selection in dairy cattle based on high-density genome-wide SNP analysis: From discovery to application
A genome wide selection (GWS) platform was developed for prediction of genetic merit in dairy cattle. The critical components of the GWS platform included a genome wide SNP analysis assay representing 15,036 SNPs, 1546 progeny tested Holstein Friesian sires with EBV (ABV) for 42 lactation performance traits, and a series of complexity reduction methods with internal and external cross validation. Derived Molecular Breeding Values (MBV) using a fraction of the available SNP information, were shown to have high predictive value for genetic merit (r=0.65-0.87 with ABV) in bulls not used in the training data from which the SNP effects were derived. GWS can be used in the absence of SNP location and pedigree to make potentially highly accurate predictions of genetic merit at an early age from DNA analyses.
Genome-wide selection in dairy cattle: Use of genetic algorithms in the estimation of molecular breeding values
A procedure has been developed for the prediction of genetic merit and the simultaneous assessment of multiple genotypes for subsequent use in gene detection. The system utilises a large volume of genotype information but ignores pedigree. With a simple additive model of inheritance, high correlations between estimates of molecular breeding value and highly reliable progeny test estimated breeding values were observed (0.70–0.77).
Genome Structure in Australian Holstein Friesian Cattle Revealed by Combined Analysis of Three High Density SNP Panels
We genotyped overlapping samples of Australian dairy bulls using three different SNP chips (15k, 25k and 54k). These chips have different but complementary coverage hence increasing the number of animals and the density and coverage of SNPs to 74k in a combined dataset. A combined analysis of the data from these three SNP chips showed a four fold increase in the coverage of the genome by haplotype blocks over bovine hapmap reported previously (Khatkar et al. 2007). An analysis of contiguous runs of homozygosity revealed long stretches (up to 49.39 Mb) of homozygosity on chromosome 1 in many bulls. Distribution of these segments of homozygosity in a sample of bulls is presented. The results for one chromosome are described in detail.
Genome based genetic evaluation and genome wide selection using supervised dimension reduction based on partial least squares
The method of partial least squares was applied to the prediction of genetic merit using whole genome scan data consisting of 10715 SNP. The method is particularly suited to data sets that have many more markers than observations and in which markers are collinear due to high linkage disequilibrium. A SNP ranking method was applied to select a subset of markers which have equal predictive power compared to using all SNP simultaneously.