Considerable interest exists in confirming that meteorological variables may play determinant roles in dengue vector abundance. The principle vector for dengue is 'Aedes aegypti'. Dengue Fever has been considered the most important vector-borne viral disease in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and is susceptible to climate variability. The aim of this study is to describe the association between adult female 'Aedes aegypti' mosquitoes and meteorological variables and to develop models for predicting the mosquito abundance using Pearson's correlation and regression analyses. Our results show that mosquitoes have the highest correlation with temperature at lag 0 time and relative humidity at lag 5 weeks. The highest two correlations were found between the mosquitoes and minimum temperature (r=-0.57) and maximum relative humidity (r=0.46). Two models were created based on the regression analysis results. The first model shows that 86% of mosquito values were within the upper and lower limits of agreement. The second model shows that 94% of the values were within the limits of agreement. The study findings could contribute to the forecasting of mosquito abundance peaks and subsequently guide a plan for mosquito control operations ahead of time that would help to minimize the outbreak of dengue occurrence and prevent the spread of dengue infections.

This study examined the relationship between crime and place across the 13 provinces of Saudi Arabia using geographic information systems techniques based on population density, identifying and visualising the spatial distributions of national and regional crime rates for drug crimes, theft, murder, assault, alcohol and 'outrageous crimes' (offences against Islam) over a 10-year period from 2003 to 2012. Social disorganisation theory was employed to guide the study and explain the diversity in patterns in crime across the country. The highest rates of overall crimes were identified in the Northern Border and Jizan areas, located in the north and south of the country, respectively, while the East Area has the lowest crime rate. Most drug offences occurred in Northern Borders and Jizan, high rates of theft were recorded in Northern

The spatial distribution and density of scientists can have important implications for key aspects of scientific processes, such as innovation, networking, rates of knowledge exchange and success in large competitive grants. In this paper, we examine the research output of different research organizations and universities in Australia, with the aim of identifying hotspots of ecological research and how these hotspots have changed over the last 20 years. We used publications from 10 reputable peer-reviewed international journals as a measure of research output. We identified a number of ecology hotspot clusters. Some clusters have developed significantly over the last 20 years, while others have declined in output over time.The University of Sydney, University of Queensland, James Cook University and Melbourne University had the largest output levels among universities. Results also showed large increases in output over the last 5-year period (2006-2010), possibly because of the impending introduction of the Excellence in Research for Australia.

This study aims to determine the trends of overall crime and in six crime categories of drug-related activity, theft, murder, assault, alcohol and outrageous or sex related crime, in Saudi Arabia's thirteen provinces over a ten year period from 2003 to 2012. Two different approaches were used in the study: spatial and temporal changes of criminal cases. Spatial changes were used to determine the differences over the time period of 2003 - 2012 to show the provincial rates of change for each crimen category. Temporal changes were used to compute the trends of overall crime and crimes in the six categories per 1,000 people per year. Results showed that the overall rate of crimes increased steadily until 2008, thereafter, decreasing, except in Northern Borders and Jizan, which recorded the highest rate of crime throughout the period. We have explained that decrease in terms of changes in wages, support for the unemployed and service improvements, as emphasized by previous studies are the primary cause for the decrease. This study includes a detailed discussion to contribute to an understanding of the changes of rates of crime in these categories throughout this period in the thirteen provinces.

Increasing anthropogenic impacts on biodiversity has been a cause for concern in Australia in recent years. Areas that hold high levels of endemic species and also face exceptional threats of destruction have been described as biodiversity hotspots. Ecological research focused on biodiversity hotspots will provide a better understanding of the flora and fauna of these regions and thus inform conservation strategies. Consequently, it is important to understand where biodiversity hotspots are located and how well they have been researched in the past. However, the choice of ecological research sites may be influenced by a variety of factors such as proximity to research institutions. This study utilized a geographic information system to investigate the spatial distribution of ecological research field sites in Australia and its territorial waters, the hotspots of the field sites around research institutions and the proximity of ecological research field sites from the main campus of the research institutions. Furthermore, these hotspots of ecological research were linked to biodiversity hotspots to identify the regions that were commonly depicted in the ecological literature and to identify others that may need more attention. We demonstrated that hotspots of ecological research were concentrated around research institutions, with a large number of field sites being located between 0 km and 500 km from the nearest institution, especially along the eastern coast. This study highlighted areas that have been the focus of much ecological research as well as areas that need more attention from ecologists to add new knowledge to Australian ecological science.

We used the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate-H climate model with the A2 Special Report on Emissions Scenarios for the years 2050 and 2100 and CLIMEX software for projections to illustrate the potential impact of climate change on the spatial distributions of malaria in China, India, Indochina, Indonesia, and The Philippines based on climate variables such as temperature, moisture, heat, cold and dryness. The model was calibrated using data from several knowledge domains, including geographical distribution records. The areas in which malaria has currently been detected are consistent with those showing high values of the ecoclimatic index in the CLIMEX model. The match between prediction and reality was found to be high. More than 90% of the observed malaria distribution points were associated with the currently known suitable climate conditions. Climate suitability for malaria is projected to decrease in India, southern Myanmar, southern Thailand, eastern Borneo, and the region bordering Cambodia, Malaysia and the Indonesian islands, while it is expected to increase in southern and south-eastern China and Taiwan. The climatic models for Anopheles mosquitoes presented here should be useful for malaria control, monitoring, and management, particularly considering these future climate scenarios.

This book of modelling interactions between vector-borne diseases and the environment using geographic information system (GIS) methods fills many literature gaps. The book shows how GIS-based approaches provide innovative geographical methods with the capability of mapping and modelling such interactions with high accuracy. It shows how GISs can be used to merge satellite images with ground observations of vector demographics and disease incidence more accurately. It comes with the hope of increasing the ability of controlling the global prevalence of vector-borne diseases, such as dengue fever, malaria, and Rift Valley fever, which have increased dramatically in recent times, causing medical, environmental, and economic issues for most of the tropical and subtropical countries. Modelling interaction between vector-borne diseases and the environment using GISs increases understanding of the distribution of vector-borne disease incidence and vectors such as mosquitoes in time and space, which can be a major foundation for control and management programs for vector-borne diseases. The geographical methods used in this book show how knowledge of when and where disease cases and vectors occur enables the formulation of disease causation hypotheses for vectors and cases with unknown or poorly characterized aetiology, identification of areas at risk for disease, and design of efficient surveillance and control programs. These methods for modelling risks of diseases and vectors can also be implemented at local, country, and regional levels by vector-borne disease program managers, health officers and workers, and policy makers to ensure their optimal contribution to prevention, control, acceptance, and sustainability of programs. In addition, the book shows a variety of GIS implications in the planning of health interventions that can be used to enhance disease surveillance systems. It is useful for undergraduate and postgraduate students and postdoctoral researchers involved in epidemiological studies, particularly of vector-borne diseases, especially when they require the use of geographical modelling techniques in a GIS environment. The geographical modelling and analytical techniques described in this book are also valuable for researchers, workers, and students dealing with geographical data in the areas of entomology, environmental health, ecology, environmental science, public health, crime, geography, parasitological, and statistics. There is no doubt that GIS-based approaches will play a more significant role in such applications.

We examined the potential added risk posed by global climate change on the dengue vector Aedes aegypti abundance using CLIMEX, a powerful tool for exploring the relationship between the fundamental and realised niche of any species. After calibrating the model using data from several knowledge domains, including geographical distribution records, we estimated potential distributions of the mosquito under current and future potential scenarios. The impact of climate change on its potential distribution was assessed with two global climate models, the CSIRO-Mk3.0 and the MIROC-H, run with two potential, future emission scenarios (A1B and A2) published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. We compared today's climate situation with two arbitrarily chosen future time points (2030 and 2070) to see the impact on the worldwide distribution of 'A. aegypti'. The model for the current global climate indicated favourable areas for the mosquito within its known distribution in tropical and subtropical areas. However, even if much of the tropics and subtropics will continue to be suitable, the climatically favourable areas for 'A. aegypti' globally are projected to contract under the future scenarios produced by these models, while currently unfavourable areas, such as inland Australia, the Arabian Peninsula, southern Iran and some parts of North America may become climatically favourable for this mosquito species. The climate models for the Aedes dengue vector presented here should be useful for management purposes as they can be adapted for decision/making regarding allocation of resources for dengue risk toward areas where risk infection remains and away from areas where climatic suitability is likely to decrease in the future.

This paper aims to explain the effects of immigration on the overall crime rate and in the six most significant categories of crime in Saudi Arabia, being drugs activity, theft, murder, assault, alcohol and outrageous issues, during a ten-year period from 2003 to 2012, in all thirteen administrative provinces, as well as establish the provinces most affected by criminal activities of immigrants during this period. In our finding, no positive association between immigrants and criminal cases was noted. It is clearly visible that the highest rate of overall criminal activities is in the south, north and Makkah areas, where there is high probability of illegal immigrants, supporting the basic criminological theory that areas with high levels of immigrants also experience high rates of crime. The study provides suggestions to the Saudi government, policy and decision makers, and immigration authorities, which could assist in reducing crimes perpetrated by immigrants.