Literal, figurative, abstract: a semantic investigation into literal meanings and metaphorical uses of English game and play
This thesis is an investigation into the semantics of abstract words and figurative language. Prompted in part by the claims of George Lakoff and Mark Johnson that abstract concepts are fleshed-out by systems of conceptual metaphors, this investigation finds that there is no semantic deficiency in the meaning of the abstract expressions game and play that necessitates augmentation with metaphorical meaning. The introduction of the thesis sets the scene for this investigation in the diverse literature on meaning, metaphor, and abstraction. It also describes the main tool of semantic analysis used in the investigation, the Natural Semantic Metalanguage developed by Anna Wierzbicka. The central chapters explicate in detail the literal and figurative meaning respectively of selected senses of game and play based on examples drawn from the Australian Corpus of English and WordBanks. The literal explications are applied to explicate the metaphors business is a game, life is a game, and doing business is playing. A tripartite schema for explications of metaphors is adapted and formalised from one developed by Cliff Goddard. This schema embodies the literal meanings of the topic and vehicle terms and a metaphoric dictum relating them in the specific context of use. Explications in this schema provides a description of, and insight into, the meaning of these and other metaphors. It is argued that this mode of presentation satisfies a range of linguistic and psycholinguistic constraints. These abstract concepts of game and play are shown to be more than mere skeletons in need of fleshing out by conceptual metaphors. Indeed, in and of themselves game and play act as vehicles (source domains) for metaphors on business, life and doing business. Out of these explications, analyses and discussions emerges a clear and coherent demonstration of the central role of the lexically encoded literal meanings of the topic (target) and vehicle (source) terms in understanding the contextualised meaning of a specific metaphor. While other scholars have tacitly or expressly acknowledged this priority, this thesis represents the first substantial demonstration of this priority using naturally occurring examples and a rigorous method of explication with a constrained metalanguage. It also suggests some accepted psycholinguistic approaches that can be used to test these hypotheses.
The Lexical Semantics of Social Categories: Demonyms and Occupation Words in English
First and foremost, this thesis is an exploration of the lexical semantics of selected English social category words, using the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM). It will explicate two sets of social category words, identify commonalities between the explications, and in turn identify sub-classes based upon the shared semantic structures. A subsidiary goal is to explore the syntactic and phraseological properties of each subclass, using online corpora and journals and newspapers from a variety of sources. The three corpora are the British National Corpus–Brigham Young University, the Corpus of Contemporary American English (Davies, 2004-, and Davies, 2008-, respectively), and Collins Wordbanks Online. The question of interest is the extent to which the syntactic and phraseological properties of human social category words can be accounted for by their semantic properties. The thesis makes no attempt to focus on any one particular dialect of English. It generally draws on written English from Australian, British and American sources; however, if it becomes apparent that there are strong differences between these dialects, these differences will be mentioned.
Aspects of Bunuba grammar and semantics
This thesis is a study of Bunuba, a language spoken around the township of Fitzroy Crossing in the West Kimberley region of Western Australia. Chapter 1 introduces Bunuba by discussing the location and sociolinguistic information and providing the reader with background to the language and its speakers. In this Chapter details of different speech registers and dialects are introduced and a brief review is undertaken of the previous research which has been carried out on the language and its speakers. Also included is a discussion of some contemporary uses of Bunuba and a description of my fieldwork methodology. This Chapter also sets this work apart from previous research on Bunuba, particularly that undertaken by Alan Rumsey. The differences between his work and the work presented in this thesis are outlined in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 describes the structure of the language detailing phonology and morphophonological procedures, word classes and nominal morphology. Chapter 3 discusses the formal structure of Bunuba verbal morphology.