Crop choice and planting time for upland crops in Northwest Cambodia
Crop yields are declining in Northwest Cambodia and crop failure in the pre-monsoon season is commonplace with 69% of farmers surveyed stating that drought is a constraint to production. Farmers currently lack knowledge to adopt more sustainable farming practices. A trial was conducted in Samlout District, Battambang Province, Northwest Cambodia to investigate the feasibility of a sowing time two months later than typical local practices. The aim of the shift in sowing time was to increase crop yield and reduce crop failure due to heat and drought stress throughout the season. A secondary aim was to compare sequences of continuous maize ('Zea mays' L.), and maize in rotation with peanut ('Arachis hypogaea'), sun- flower ('Helianthus annus'), sorghum ('Sorghum bicolor'), cowpea ('Vigna unguiculata') or mungbean ('Vigna radiata'). Sunflower and sorghum would be new crop type introductions, whilst the other crops are part of the traditional farming system in this region. The trial was undertaken for four cropping seasons over two years, during which time crops produced successful yields from the new sowing time windows. However, it was the maize-sunflower sequence that produced the highest gross margins. Maize-sunflower returns were $514 per hectare per annum more than the typical planting of continuous maize, and over $1100 per hectare per year higher than the other maize-legume and maize-sorghum rotations. Continuous maize produced the most stable yields across the four seasons and maize-sunflower produced the second highest mean yield. Results from modelling of soil moisture suggest that a shift in sowing time may avoid the extreme heat of the pre-monsoon season, and align crop growth stages with periods of more reliable rainfall. Site specific surface soil moisture data and rainfall was entered into the APSIM model to predict the soil profile moisture throughout the growing season (r² = 0.73). Both the modelling and on-farm research resulted in higher crop yields compared with traditional practices and expectations, and a low probability of crop failure. Crops of maize, sunflower and sorghum grew well from an early October sowing date into the post monsoon season and produced good yields on stored soil water with low plant stress due to mild seasonal conditions. Delayed sowing may prove to be the best option for farmers in the Northwest upland, achieved by a simple shift of sowing dates.
The 'Jorani Project': Incorporating Principles of Sustainable Rural Development into the Education System of Cambodia
An illustrated children's book "Jorani and the Green Vegetable Bugs" has been published in Khmer language to teach children and teachers in rural areas about integrated pest management (IPM) in upland crops and the positive impacts on the environment and human health in Cambodia. The project involves introducing the Jorani Project to school directors and teachers; development of a teacher guide; implementation in schools; and celebration and public launch. Further books in the series are planned to teach the benefits of other sustainable land management practices. The project targets five primary schools in northwestern Cambodia in the district of Samlout in Battambang Province where the Maddox Jolie-Pitt Foundation (MJP), in collaboration with the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport (MoEYS) is working to strengthen primary education for all school-aged boys and girls. The potential to achieve the stated agricultural extension and primary education objectives will be evaluated after completion of the pilot project. Social network analysis will be used to test the effectiveness of the proposed learning environment model. Depending on the findings, a Life Skills framework for rural primary schools will presented to the MoEYS for endorsement and roll-out to primary schools in other Districts and Provinces in Cambodia.
Farmer's Challenge In Improving Upland Farming Systems in Cambodia
In upland areas during the rainy season, farmers generally attempt to grow several upland crops including maize, sesame, mungbean, soybean, peanut and cowpea. The first is planted in March-April and the second in July-August. Farmer workshops have provided us with a better understanding of traditional practices and problems associated with growing and marketing upland crops in Cambodia. The most commonly given reason for growing a crop is good market demand. High price for the product and ease of production are of equal importance. Low cost of seeds or inputs and medium or high yield potential are also important. Short duration is an important consideration for early wet season crops. The most commonly given reason for not growing the crop is damage from insect pests, followed by risk of crop failure, drought or natural disaster, and high cost of seed and other inputs. From the above observations, the following priorities for further research have been prioritized.