<p>Climate change has been unequivocally known to be real, and its impacts are recognized as
one of the most pressing global issues in the current decade. Evidences from a variety of
different studies show that the impacts of climate change have become a major threat to
agriculture and the food security in both the developed and developing countries across the
world. With unabated increase in the anthropogenic atmospheric greenhouse gas emission that
is known to interfere with `the regional and global circulation systems, global warming, and
climate change in the twenty first century and beyond, would continue to be the most important
agenda of debate and scientific discourses. Moreover, the negative impacts of climate change
have been observed to be more pronounced in the high latitude areas, such as the mountainous
countries in the Himalayas and elsewhere. Studies have also strongly postulated that the
adverse impacts of climate change are most likely to be more severe in the developing countries
in south Asia, Southeast Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Latin America, due to their low
adoption of farming technologies and lack of capacity to respond.</p>
<p>As many developing countries in the region report the negative impacts of climate change,
Bhutan—an agrarian country located in the Eastern Himalayas, is no exception. The country
has experienced increasing incidences of risks and disasters associated with climatic
variabilities in the recent years. There have been pervasive issues of changing weather patterns
that make farming a highly risky and vulnerable occupation. Apart from this, there are other
pre-disposing factors that make Bhutan an even more sensitive and vulnerable to the climate
variabilities. The highly rugged mountainous topography is one of the most important factors
that make farming very challenging, as farmlands are concentrated in the river valleys with
scattered land parcels in the mountain slopes. Thus the farms are highly prone to natural
disasters that are triggered by weather and climatic events. The dramatic rise in elevation even
over a small distance is another factor, which influence the orographic effects of mass air-flow
systems, contributing to sudden changes in weather, thus negatively impacting crops and farms.
Moreover, the Himalayan Mountains are considered to be geologically fragile, with inherently
infertile soils for farming. This further makes farming prone to the destructive natural events,
including those of weather phenomena. All of these, contribute to the challenging and
subsistence nature of farming in the Bhutanese agricultural system. Therefore, this research
was undertaken to study climate change and its impacts on various aspects of agriculture across
different agro-ecological zones in Bhutan. The study used a combination of farmers’ perception analysis, geo-spatial techniques and modelling approaches to fill the much-needed knowledge
gap on the issues of climate change faced by the Bhutanese farmers, and provides insights into
the past, present and future climate change impact scenarios. Much of the climate and impact
reports on Bhutan were based on hearsay, and scientific studies are few and far between.</p>
<p>As part of this research, a thorough review of agricultural production management system and
pertinent issues of climate change impacts in Bhutan was undertaken. It was found that
agriculture in Bhutan and the study region have been largely affected by the rising temperature,
droughts and precipitation changes, which in turn have led to many other issues, ranging from
water availability, crop and infrastructure damage to land degradation. Moving further,
assessment of land cover changes in Punatsang Chhu Basin of Bhutan indicated large scale
changes, especially in the high elevation areas. The findings from this study show that there is
an increased rate of glacier retreat, with repercussions of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOF)
and erosive activities of rivers and streams that directly and indirectly affect farming
downstream in the river valleys. This indicates that mountain agriculture is highly vulnerable
to the impacts of climate change and is at high risks of food insecurity. Likewise, the results
from the analysis of farmers’ perceptions across the various agro-ecological zones in Bhutan
indicated that farming has become more and more challenging. The extreme weather events,
such as untimely rains, droughts and windstorms have become frequent occurrences, thus
inflicting between 1-19% crop damages. The monsoon rains were assessed to be highly
unpredictable, and untimely, which were perceived to have impacted the decisions of farmers,
due to drying up of water sources, crop losses, land fallowing and cropping pattern changes.
Farmers have also perceived issues of the emergence of diseases and pests, which together with
aggressive incursion of invasive species (Parthenium hysterophorus, for example) would
herald uncertainties and rising pressure on Bhutan’s limited arable land. Further, based on the
projections of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), MaxEnt modelling of
rice distribution indicated large changes in crop suitability shift. Such a crop suitability change,
especially from high to low suitability in the major rice growing areas, indicates decline in crop
area and yield under the impact of climate change in the near future. Therefore, for improving
the resilience and sustainability of the Bhutanese farms, a comprehensive climate change
adaptation plan, backed up by in-depth research and policy instrument must be put in place.</p>