A 70-day residual feed intake (RFI) test on a barley-based feedlot ration was conducted, over which daily feed intake (FI) and weekly liveweight of 91 Angus steers were recorded. Rate of enteric methane production (MPR) was measured in a series of 5×2-day consecutive measurement periods using a marker-based method with the marker gas (SF₆) released from an intraruminal permeation device. Data for 76 steers with 3 or more valid 2-day methane collections were analysed. The 43 low. RFI (high efficiency) line steers (progeny of 9 sires) and the 24 high-RFI (low efficiency) line steers (5 sires) represented approximately 2.4 generations of divergent selection for postweaning RFI. An additional nine intermediate unselected line steers were included. MPR (g/day) was highly, significantly related to daily FI (kg/day) over the 10-day gas-collection period: MPR=13.0±3.0 (se) × FI+34.9, although FI (P<0.0001) explained only 20% of the variance in MPR. From this relationship MPR over the 10-week RFI test was predicted. MPR predicted for the low-RFI line steers was not significantly lower than for the high-RFI line steers (187±4 v 199±4 g/day; P>0.05). Regression analyses showed MPR to be significantly related to genetic variation in RFI (P<0.05), such that a 1 kg/day reduction in estimated breeding value for RFI would be accompanied by a 13.0±5.1 g/day, or 7%, reduction in methane production. This result supports predictions that reduction in methane emissions should accompany the reduction in FI following from selection for lower RFI.