<p>The offshore islands of New South Wales host millions of migratory seabirds that
gather in dense colonies on islands to breed. Seabirds have the capacity to drive ecosystem
function through dual roles of marine-derived nutrient subsidies via guano deposition and
bioengineering through burrow-nesting. Broughton Island is managed as part of the Myall
Lakes National Park estate and has experienced a range of environmental disturbances in the
past decade including the introduction of invasive plants and mammals, which led to significant
changes to seabird populations and native vegetation communities. In response to the threats
imposed by grazing rabbits and predatory rats on seabird habitat and breeding success, these
invasive animals were successfully eradicated from the island in 2009 with the goal of restoring
seabird populations and plant communities. The trajectory of ecological change, however,
remained largely unknown. The aims of the research presented in this thesis were to first gain
scope on the effect of seabird nutrient subsidies and nesting activities on island soils and plants
in colonies of the most abundant seabird species on the island, <i>Ardenna pacifica</i> (wedge-tailed
shearwaters).</p>
<p>The results revealed novel evidence of seabird colony soils more depleted in soil C, N
and P compared to both adjacent and sloping areas of hydrological accumulation. It was also
found that vegetation was distinctly different within seabird colonies and was defined by the
presence of an invasive cactus, <i>Opuntia stricta</i>. This result will be the first to describe in detail
how burrowing seabirds on islands with deep and sandy soils in a subtropical climate, affect
their environment, thereby giving new insights onto the mechanisms driving ecosystem
function and the management implications for such islands.</p>
<p>Another key research aim was to elucidate the effectiveness of eradication of rats and
rabbits was effective in restoring native vegetation cover and richness on Broughton Island by analysing data collected from 7 years of vegetation surveys. Overall positive effects were seen
in vegetation height, species richness, and ground cover, but it may take successional plant
communities longer time to recover and require additional interventions for optimal outcomes.
It was concluded that positive outcomes of vegetation recovery may be confounded by areas
with disturbance by burrowing seabirds, and was supported by the evidence supplied by the
research comparing vegetation and soil characteristics inside and outside of seabird colonies.</p>
<p>Two experimental habitat suitability models were created taking different but
complementary approaches to predict preferred and projected colony habitat on Broughton
Island. Both models had high accuracy at detecting suitable habitat on the island, and both
models identified unoccupied areas of high habitat suitability which were used in conjunction
with other results to make robust conclusions.</p>
<p>Identifying the fundamental effects of seabirds on soils and plants in nesting areas
provided evidence to predict how expanding seabird colonies may change the soil and
vegetation environment on this distinctive island ecosystem. The spatial results, combined with
the knowledge of biophysical effects on soils and vegetation from seabird colonies, identified
precise areas which are predicted to experience change in vegetation and guano subsidies if
seabird colonies should expand to these highly suitable areas. Since expansion of seabird
colonies into suitable habitat is likely now Broughton Island is predator-free, the opportunity
for effective biocontrol of weeds, and protection of habitat now exists. </p>
<p>This work demonstrates how multifaceted approach using field surveys, laboratory and
geospatial analyses strengthen ecological conclusions and can be applied to effective and real world conservation plans on islands experiencing ecological changes. The results will be
utilised by the New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service to inform future island
management.</p>