We introduce a representative database of 22α,β-toβ,γ-enecarbonyl isomerisation energies (to be known as the EIE22 data-set). Accurate reaction energies are obtained at the complete basis-set limit CCSD(T) level by means of the high-level W1-F12thermochemical protocol. The isomerisation reactions involve a migration of one double bond that breaks the conjugatedπ-system. The considered enecarbonyls involve a range of common functional groups (e.g., Me, NH2,OMe,F,andCN). Apart from π-conjugation effects, the chemical environments are largely conserved on the two sides of the reactions and therefore the EIE22 data-set allows us to assess the performance of a variety of density functional theory (DFT) procedures for the calculation ofπ-conjugation stabilisation energies in enecarbonyls. We find that, with few exceptions (M05-2X, M06-2X,BMK, and BH&HLYP), all the conventional DFT procedures attain root mean square deviations (RMSDs) between 5.0 and 11.7 kJ mol⁻¹. The range-separated and double-hybrid DFT procedures, on the other hand, show good performance with RMSDs below the 'chemical accuracy' threshold. We also examine the performance of composite and standard ab initio procedures. Of these, SCS-MP2 offers the best performance-to-computational cost ratio with an RMSD of 0.8 kJ mol⁻¹.

The relative free energies of the isomers formed upon N-chlorination of each nitrogen atom within the DNA nucleobases (adenine, guanine, and thymine) have been obtained using the high-level G4(MP2) composite ab initio method (the free energies of the N-chlorinated isomers of cytosine have been reported at the same level of theory previously). Having identified the lowest energy N-chlorinated derivatives for each nucleobase, we have computed the free energies associated with chlorine transfer from N-chlorinated nucleobases to other unsubstituted bases. Our results provide quantitative support pertaining to the results of previous experimental studies, which demonstrated that rapid chlorine transfer occurs from N-chlorothymidine to cytidine or adenosine. The results of our calculations in the gas-phase reveal that chlorine transfer from N-chlorothymine to either cytosine, adenine, or guanine proceed via exergonic processes with ∆G^o values of −50.3 (cytosine), −28.0 (guanine), and −6.7 (adenine) kJ mol^–1. Additionally, we consider the effect of aqueous solvation by augmenting our gas-phase G4(MP2) energies with solvation corrections obtained using the conductor-like polarizable continuum model. In aqueous solution, we obtain the following G4(MP2) free energies associated with chlorine transfer from N-chlorothymine to the three other nucleobases: −58.4 (cytosine), −26.4 (adenine), and −18.7 (guanine) kJ mol^–1. Therefore, our calculations, whether in the gas phase or in aqueous solution, clearly indicate that chlorine transfer from any of the N-chlorinated nucleobases to cytosine provides a thermodynamic sink for the active chlorine. This thermodynamic preference for chlorine transfer to cytidine may be particularly deleterious since previous experimental studies have shown that nitrogen-centered radical formation (via N–Cl bond homolysis) is more easily achieved in N-chlorinated cytidine than in other N-chlorinated nucleosides.

Carbazole-based molecules play a significant role in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) due to their advantageous properties. Carbazole derivatives are known for their thermal stability, high hole-transport capability, electron-rich (p-type) characteristics, elevated photoconductivity, excellent chemical stability, and commercial availability. This review focuses on DSSCs, including their structures, working principles, device characterization, and the photovoltaic performance of carbazole-based derivatives. Specifically, it covers compounds such as 2,7-carbazole and indolo[3,2-b]carbazole, which are combined with various acceptors like benzothiadiazole, thiazolothiazole, diketopyrrolopyrrole, and quinoxaline, as reported over the past decade. The review will also outline the relationship between molecular structure and power-conversion efficiencies. Its goal is to summarize recent research and advancements in carbazole-based dyes featuring a D-π-A architecture for DSSCs. Additionally, this review addresses the evolution of carbazole-based hole-transport materials (HTMs), which present a promising alternative to the costly spiro-OMeTAD. We explore the development of novel HTMs that leverage the unique properties of carbazole derivatives to enhance charge transport, stability, and overall device performance. By examining recent innovations and emerging trends in carbazole-based HTMs, we provide insights into their potential to reduce costs and improve the efficiency of DSSCs.

This article investigates the environmentally friendly synthesis and characterization of carbon dots (CDs) derived from soybean biomass, in conjunction with their composites containing potassium chloride (KCl) or zeolite. By using an environmentally sustainable synthetic approach, this study sought to unlock the potential of these materials for various applications. The physicochemical properties of the CDs and composites were comprehensively analyzed using various techniques including scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. In addition, various optical properties such as UV–Vis absorption, band gap, and excitation–emission behavior were investigated. A key finding to arise from this study was that the inclusion of a doping agent such as KCl or zeolite significantly reduced the size of the resulting CDs. In this light, whereas the undoped species are associated with average sizes of 8.86 ± 0.10 nm, those doped with either zeolite or KCl were associated with average sizes of 3.09 ± 0.05 and 2.07 ± 0.05 nm, respectively. In addition, it was shown that doping with either zeolite or KCl resulted in an alteration of the elemental composition of the CDs and influenced their optical properties, especially their excitation-dependent emission. These promising results point to potential applications in environmental sensing and energy-related fields.

We obtain gas-phase homolytic Al–H bond dissociation enthalpies (BDEs) at the CCSD(T)/CBS level for a set of neutral aluminium hydrides (which we refer to as the AlHBDE dataset). The Al–H BDEs in this dataset differ by as much as 79.2 kJ mol⁻¹, with (H₂B)₂Al–H having the lowest BDE (288.1 kJ mol⁻¹) and (H₂N)₂Al–H having the largest (367.3 kJ mol⁻¹). These results show that substitution with at least one –AlH₂ or –BH₂ substituent exerts by far the greatest effect in modifying the Al–H BDEs compared with the BDE of monomeric H₂Al–H (354.3 kJ mol⁻¹). To facilitate quantum chemical investigations of large aluminium hydrides, for which the use of rigorous methods such as W2w may not be computationally feasible, we assess the performance of 53 density functional theory (DFT) functionals. We find that the performance of the DFT methods does not strictly improve along the rungs of Jacob's Ladder. The bestperforming methods from each rung of Jacob's Ladder are (mean absolute deviations are given in parentheses): the GGA B97-D (6.9), the meta-GGA M06-L (2.3), the global hybrid-GGA SOGGA11-X (3.3), the range-separated hybrid-GGA CAM-B3LYP (2.1), the hybrid-meta-GGA ωB97M-V (2.5) and the double-hybrid methods mPW2-PLYP and B2GP-PLYP (4.1 kJ mol⁻¹).

Fluoroborane-type molecules (R¹R²B–F) are of interest in synthetic chemistry, but to date, apart from a handful of small species (such as H₂BF, HBF₂, and BF₃ ), little is known concerning the effect of substituents in governing the strength of the B–F bonds of such species toward homolytic dissociation in the gas phase. In this study, we have calculated the bond dissociation enthalpies (BDEs) of thirty unique B–F bonds at the CCSD(T)/CBS level using the high-level W1w thermochemical protocol. The B–F bonds in all species considered are very strong, ranging from 545.9 kJ mol⁻¹ in (H₂B)₂B–F to 729.2 kJ mol⁻¹ HBF². Nevertheless, these BDEs still vary over a wide range of 183.3 kJ mol⁻¹ . The structural properties that affect the BDEs are examined in detail, and the homolytic BDEs are rationalized based on molecule stabilization enthalpies and radical stabilization enthalpies. Since polar B–F bonds may represent a challenging test case for density functional theory (DFT) methods, we proceed to examine the performance of a wide range of DFT methods across the rungs of Jacob’s Ladder for their ability to compute B–F BDEs. We find that only a handful of DFT methods can reproduce the CCSD(T)/CBS BDEs with mean absolute deviations (MADs) below the threshold of chemical accuracy (i.e., with average deviations below 4.2 kJ mol⁻¹ ). The only functionals capable of achieving this feat were (MADs given in parentheses): ωB97M-V (4.0), BMK (3.5), DSD-BLYP (3.8), and DSD-PBEB95 (1.8 kJ mol⁻¹ ).

We introduce a database of 20 accurate cycloreversion barrier heights of 5-membered heterocyclic rings (to be known as the CRBH20 database). In these reactions, dioxazole and oxathiazole rings are fragmented to form isocyanates, isothiocyanates, and carbonyls. The reference reaction barrier heights are obtained by means of the high-level, ab initio W1-F12 and W1w thermochemical protocols. We evaluate the performance of 65 contemporary density functional theory (DFT) and double-hybrid DFT (DHDFT) procedures. The CRBH20 database represents an extremely challenging test for these methods. Most of the conventional DFT functionals (74%) result in root-mean-square deviations (RMSDs) between 10 and 81 kJ mol^-1. The rest of the DFT functionals attain RMSDs = 5-10 kJ mol^-1. Of the 12 tested DHDFT functionals, only five result in RMSDs < 10 kJ mol^-1. The CRBH20 dataset also proves to be a surprisingly challenging target for composite and standard ab initio procedures.

We herein report successful syntheses of both nickel cobalt sulfide (NCS) and its composite with zeolite (NCS@Z) using a solvothermal method. Techniques such as EDX analysis, SEM, and molar ratio determination were used for product characterization. The incorporation of NCS significantly changed the surface roughness and active sites of the zeolite, improving the efficiency of methylene blue degradation and its reusability, especially under UV irradiation. In comparing the pseudo-first order rates, the highest degradation efficiency of methylene blue was achieved with NCS-2@Z, having a degradation extent of 91.07% under UV irradiation. This environmentally friendly approach offers a promising solution for the remediation of methylene blue contamination in various industries.

We report that bifunctional molecules containing hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups can undergo an effective transfer hydrogenation via an intramolecular proton-coupled hydride transfer (PCHT) mechanism. In this reaction mechanism, a hydride transfer between two carbon atoms is coupled with a proton transfer between two oxygen atoms via a cyclic bond rearrangement transition structure. The coupled transfer of the two hydrogens as H^δ+ and H^δ− is supported by atomic polar tensor charges. The activation energy for the PCHT reaction is strongly dependent on the length of the alkyl chain between the hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups but relatively weakly dependent on the functional groups attached to the hydroxyl and carbonyl carbons. We investigate the PCHT reaction mechanism using the Gaussian-4 thermochemical protocol and obtain high activation energy barriers (ΔH^‡₂₉₈) of 210.5–228.3 kJ mol^–1 for chain lengths of one carbon atom and 160.2–163.9 kJ mol^–1 for chain lengths of two carbon atoms. However, for longer chain lengths containing 3–4 carbon atoms, we obtain ΔH^‡₂₉₈ values as low as 101.9 kJ mol^–1. Importantly, the hydride transfer between two carbon atoms proceeds without the need for a catalyst or hydride transfer activating agent. These results indicate that the intramolecular PCHT reaction provides an effective avenue for uncatalyzed, metal-free hydride transfers at ambient temperatures.

Fluoroborane-type molecules (R¹R²B–F) are of interest in synthetic chemistry, but to date, apart from a handful of small species (such as H₂BF, HBF₂ , and BF₃), little is known concerning the effect of substituents in governing the strength of the B–F bonds of such species toward homolytic dissociation in the gas phase. In this study, we have calculated the bond dissociation enthalpies (BDEs) of thirty unique B–F bonds at the CCSD(T)/CBS level using the high-level W1w thermochemical protocol. The B–F bonds in all species considered are very strong, ranging from 545.9 kJ mol⁻¹ in (H₂B)₂B–F to 729.2 kJ mol⁻¹ HBF₂. Nevertheless, these BDEs still vary over a wide range of 183.3 kJ mol⁻¹. The structural properties that affect the BDEs are examined in detail, and the homolytic BDEs are rationalized based on molecule stabilization enthalpies and radical stabilization enthalpies. Since polar B–F bonds may represent a challenging test case for density functional theory (DFT) methods, we proceed to examine the performance of a wide range of DFT methods across the rungs of Jacob's Ladder for their ability to compute B–F BDEs. We find that only a handful of DFT methods can reproduce the CCSD(T)/CBS BDEs with mean absolute deviations (MADs) below the threshold of chemical accuracy (i.e., with average deviations below 4.2 kJ mol⁻¹). The only functionals capable of achieving this feat were (MADs given in parentheses): ωB97M-V (4.0), BMK (3.5), DSD-BLYP (3.8), and DSD-PBEB95 (1.8 kJ mol⁻¹).