Context. Annually, millions of sheep are exported from Australia to the Middle East, typically during the southern hemisphere winter to the northern hemisphere summer. During these voyages, sheep can be exposed to relatively rapid changes in ambient conditions within a short period of time (≤29 days); therefore, excessive heat load concerns can arise.

Aims. The aim of this study was to define the responses of sheep to incremental heat load under simulated live export conditions. The study herein describes (1) the heat load imposed, and (2) the effect of this heat load on the growth, performance and behavioural responses of sheep during periods of incremental heat load.

Methods. A total of 144 Merino wethers (44.02 ± 0.32 kg) were included in a 29-day climate controlled study using two cohorts of 72 sheep (n = 2), exposed to two treatments: (1) thermoneutral and (2) hot (HOT). Ambient temperature (°C) and relative humidity (%) for the HOT treatment were modelled from live export voyages from Australia to the Middle East in July. Climatic conditions within the climate control chambers were recorded at 10-min intervals, then used to calculate a temperature humidity index. Sheep posture, rumination, eating, drinking and demeanour (calm, agitated or depressed) were observed four times daily at 3-h intervals between 0800 hours and 1700 hours. Feed intake was recorded daily and water intake was measured using an automated meter. Sheep were weighed on Day 0 and then at 7-day intervals. Sheep were weighed at slaughter and carcass weights were obtained, these data were used to determine carcass dressing percentage. Data were analysed using a repeated measures model, with a compound symmetry covariance structure.

Key results. Climatic conditions in the HOT treatment increased incrementally between Day 1 (temperature humidity index ≥19) and Day 29 (temperature humidity index ≤34.7). Behaviour, feed intake, average daily gain (g/day), carcass weight (kg) and dressing percentage were not influenced by treatment (P > 0.05). Sheep in the HOT treatment group showed a 137% increase in water intake (P < 0.01) and on average consumed 2.15 L/sheep.day, whereas the thermoneutral group consumed 1.67 L/sheep.day.

Conclusions. These results suggest that these sheep were capable of maintaining feed intake and growth despite exposure to heat load, albeit with a 137% increase in water intake.

Implications. These results highlight the resilience of the Australian Merino genotype, as these sheep were capable of maintaining feed intake and growth during exposure to heat load. As the climatic conditions in this study were modelled based on typical live export vessel conditions, these results may suggest that the climatic conditions experienced by sheep during voyages may not be as critical as previously thought.

Context. Australia exports ~2 million sheep annually. On these voyages, sheep can be exposed to rapidly changing ambient conditions within a short time, and sheep may be exposed to periods of excessive heat load.
Aims. The aim of this study was to define the responses of sheep exposed to incremental heat load under simulated live export conditions. The study herein describes the influence of heat load on wool surface temperature, body temperature (rumen temperature (T_RUM), °C; and rectal temperature (T_REC), °C) and respiratory dynamics (respiration rate, breaths/min; and panting score (PS)) of sheep under live export conditions. In addition, the relationship between body temperature and respiratory dynamics was investigated.

Methods. A total of 144 Merino wethers (44.02 ± 0.32 kg) were used in a 29-day climate controlled study using two cohorts of 72 sheep (n = 2), exposed to two treatments: (1) thermoneutral (TN; ambient temperature was maintained between 18°C and 20°C), and (2) hot (HOT; ambient temperature minimum and maximum were 22.5°C and 38.5°C respectively). Sheep in the HOT treatment were exposed to heat load simulated from live export voyages from Australia to the Middle East. Respiration rate, PS and wool surface temperature (°C) data were collected four times daily, at 3-h intervals between 0800 hours and 1700 hours. Rectal temperatures were collected on five occasions at 7-day intervals. These data were evaluated using a repeated measures model, assuming a compound symmetry covariance structure. Individual T_RUM were obtained via rumen boluses at 10-min intervals between Days 23 and 29 of Cohort 2. Individual T_RUM data were collated and converted to an hourly mean T_RUM for each sheep, these data were then used to determine the hourly mean T_RUM for TN and HOT, then analysed using a first order autoregressive repeated measures model. Additionally, the relationship between respiratory dynamics and T_RUM were investigated using a Pearson’s correlation coefficient, a partial correlation coefficient and a multivariate analysis of variance.

Key results. The respiration rate of the HOT sheep (140 ± 3.55 breaths/min) was greater (P < 0.01) than that of the TN sheep (75 ± 3.55 breaths/min). Similarly, the PS of the HOT (1.5 ± 0.02) sheep was greater (P = 0.009) compared with the TN sheep (1.2 ± 0.02). Wool surface temperatures and T_REC were greater (P < 0.05) for the HOT sheep than for the TN sheep. There were treatment (P < 0.0001), hour (P < 0.0001), day (P = 0.038) and treatment · hour (P < 0.0001) effects on the T_RUM of TN and HOT sheep.

Conclusions. The climatic conditions imposed within the HOT treatment were sufficient to disrupt the thermal equilibrium of these sheep, resulting in increased respiration rate, PS, T_REC and T_RUM.

Implications. These results suggest that the sheep were unable to completely compensate for the imposed heat load via respiration, thus resulting in an increase in T_REC and T_RUM.