By contributing knowledge and expertise in the monitoring of states’ compliance with their international human rights obligations, domestic NGOs may be able to increase the representation of minority groups and increase the democratic legitimacy of decision-making processes. However, existing research suggests that hurdles are likely to limit the effective participation of some domestic NGOs, which in turn limits their ability to represent minority groups.

To illustrate the impact of hurdles, this paper seeks to identify what hurdles are likely to limit the ability of domestic NGOs’ representation of migrant worker issues, in the ASEAN region, in UN decision-making forums. By contributing knowledge and expertise in the monitoring of states’ compliance with their international human rights obligations, domestic NGOs may be able to increase the representation of minority groups and increase the democratic legitimacy of decision-making processes. However, existing research suggests that hurdles are likely to limit the effective participation of some domestic NGOs, which in turn limits their ability to represent minority groups.

To illustrate the impact of hurdles, this paper seeks to identify what hurdles are likely to limit the ability of domestic NGOs’ representation of migrant worker issues, in the ASEAN region, in UN decision-making forums. It is through the experience of domestic NGOs providing direct services to migrant workers that equips them with the knowledge and expertise for identifying issues which require legal reform or greater legal protection. However, as some domestic NGOs in the ASEAN region face limitations for their activities at the national level and some migrant worker issues are cross-border in nature, domestic NGOs may need to rely on avenues at the supranational level to advocate for migrant worker rights.

This research aims to identify what hurdles in the UN’s participatory frameworks and practices are likely to limit NGOs’ ability to participate effectively, and to propose possible reforms to ensure the effective participation of domestic NGOs. This will be achieved through the methodological approach of doctrinal analysis.

Background: The confidence of Bottom 40 (B40) shareholders is crucial for cooperative's sustenance within wider corporate governance. An in-depth study on cooperatives is needed, as they play a crucial role in the Malaysian economic system and contribute greatly to the country's social development. However, in the current landscape, confidence among shareholders is at stake. This study aims to identify the research gap into corporate governance for cooperatives in relation to B40 shareholder confidence, as well as identify current study challenges and develop a conceptual framework for future research.
Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review, with the use of agency theory to assess shareholders' confidence. Emerald, ProQuest, InderScience, Scopus and Science Direct were the online databases used in this study to search five keyword phrases: corporate governance, confidence, cooperative, agency theory and Bottom 40% (B40) household. Tranfield's five stages were used to conduct the systematic review.
Results: Only 5 of the 324 studies assess shareholders' confidence in cooperatives, as well as one paper on B40 and two papers on agency theory. Our review presents three major findings. First, research in the context of B40 shareholder's confidence in cooperatives is scarce. Second, the challenges related to shareholders' confidence in B40 are major issues in the context. Third, research on agency theory in the context of shareholders' confidence within cooperatives and corporate governance is still scant.
Conclusions: This review urges the research community to conduct more studies based on the highlighted research gaps.